HAND,FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASES: CAUSES,SIGNS AND EFFECTS

Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD)

Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a highly contagious viral illness that primarily affects young children, though adults can also be infected. It is characterized by sores in the mouth and a rash on the hands and feet.

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Causes of HFMD

1. Viral Infection:

Most commonly caused by Coxsackievirus A16 or Enterovirus 71.

2. Person-to-Person Transmission:

Spread through respiratory droplets, saliva, or nasal secretions.

3. Contact with Contaminated Surfaces:

Touching objects or surfaces contaminated with the virus.

4. Fecal-Oral Transmission:

Poor hand hygiene after using the toilet or changing diapers.

5. Close Contact:

Common in daycare centers, schools, or crowded places.

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Signs of HFMD

General Symptoms

1. Fever:

Often the first symptom.

2. Sore Throat.

3. Fatigue or Irritability.

Oral Symptoms

4. Painful Sores:

Red spots or ulcers inside the mouth, especially on the tongue, gums, and inner cheeks.

Skin Symptoms

5. Rash on Hands and Feet:

Flat or raised red spots, sometimes with blisters.

6. Rash on Buttocks or Legs:

Less common but possible.

Other Symptoms

7. Loss of Appetite:

Due to painful mouth sores.

8. Dehydration:

From difficulty eating or drinking.

9. Runny Nose.

10. Mild Headache.

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Effects of HFMD

Short-Term Effects

1. Pain and discomfort from mouth sores and rashes.

2. Difficulty eating and drinking, leading to dehydration.

3. Mild fever and fatigue.

Rare Complications

4. Viral Meningitis:

Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

5. Encephalitis:

Brain inflammation (very rare).

6. Nail Shedding (Onychomadesis):

Temporary loss of fingernails or toenails weeks after recovery.

7. Severe Dehydration:

From inability to consume enough fluids.

8. Heart or Lung Issues:

Rare complications from Enterovirus 71.

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Solutions and Management of HFMD

Home Care

1. Hydration:

Encourage plenty of fluids, such as water, milk, or electrolyte solutions.

2. Soft Foods:

Serve bland, soft, and cold foods like yogurt, applesauce, or ice cream to ease mouth pain.

3. Pain Relief:

Over-the-counter medications like ibuprofen or acetaminophen for fever and discomfort.

4. Saltwater Rinses:

Use warm saltwater to relieve mouth pain and prevent infection.

Preventive Measures

5. Good Hygiene:

Wash hands thoroughly, especially after using the toilet or changing diapers.

6. Disinfect Surfaces:

Clean toys, doorknobs, and other frequently touched surfaces.

7. Avoid Sharing:

Do not share utensils, cups, or towels.

8. Isolate the Infected Person:

Keep children with HFMD out of daycare or school until fever-free and sores heal.

Medical Treatments

9. Topical Anesthetics:

Gel or spray for mouth sores to reduce pain.

10. Monitor for Complications:

Seek medical attention for persistent fever, difficulty breathing, or neurological symptoms.

When to Seek Medical Help

11. Severe Dehydration:

Signs include dry mouth, sunken eyes, or decreased urination.

12. High or Persistent Fever:

Lasting more than three days.

13. Unusual Symptoms:

Weakness, confusion, or persistent vomiting.

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Recovery

Most cases of HFMD resolve within 7–10 days without long-term effects. Prompt care, hygiene, and hydration are key to managing symptoms and preventing complications.