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3 months ago

HISTORY OF HIV/AIDS

Science

3 months ago

This article will cover the primary topics in the history of HIV, from its beginnings to the latest research today.

Scientists are not exactly sure when HIV originated, but they believe it developed from a type of chimpanzee virus in West Africa called the simian immunodeficiency virus.

People who hunted chimpanzees for meat came in contact with the blood containing the virus and contracted HIV. Researchers believe the virus mutated at some point into the human form of HIV.

Researchers collected the earliest detected HIV in 1959 from a man in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Later, genetic analysis determined the virus might have developed between 1910�1930.

1981

THE DISCOVERY

In the US, reporting of unusually high rates of the rare forms of pneumonia and cancer in young gay men begins. The disease is initially called Gay-Related Immune Deficiency (GRID) because it is thought it only affects gay men. Cases are also reported in Injection Drug Users by the end of the year.

1982

THE FIRST CASE OF AIDS

The disease is renamed Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Canada reports its first case of AIDS in March. It is realized that the infection can be sexually transmitted and caused by HIV. Cases are reported in blood transfusion recipients.

1983

WOMEN CAN BECOME INFECTED

It is discovered that women can become infected with AIDS through heterosexual sex.

1985

THE FIRST CONFERENCES ON AIDS

The first International Conference on AIDS is held in Georgia, USA. The first Canadian Conference on AIDS is held in Montreal.

1986

FROM MOTHER TO CHILD

It is discovered that HIV can be passed from mother to child through breast-feeding.

1987

ANTI-RETROVIRAL DRUG, AZT APPROVED

The U.S. Food & Drug Administration approves the first anti-retroviral drug, AZT.

1988

WORLD AIDS DAY

The first World AIDS Day is held on December 1st, 1988.

1990

PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV

Between 8-10 million peopleare estimated to be living with HIV worldwide.

1991

SYMBOL OF AIDS AWARENESS

The red ribbon became the international symbol of AIDS awareness, intended to be a symbol of compassion for people living with HIV and their carers.

1996

DR. MARK WAINBERG CONTRIBUTES TO DEVELOPMENT OF 3TC

CANFAR-funded researcher Dr. Mark Wainbergcontributed to the development of 3TC, a drug being used to treat HIV. This was a combination drug therapy, which brought about an immediate decline of between 60% � 80% in rates of AIDS-related deaths and hospitalization for patients who could afford it. There are an estimated 23 millionpeople living with HIV and AIDS worldwide.

1999

TROUBLING STATISTICS

The World Health Organization announces that AIDS was the fourth biggest cause of death worldwide and the number one killer in Africa. An estimated 33 million people were living with HIV, and 14 million people were recognized to have died from AIDS since the start of the epidemic.

2000

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

The UN adopt the Millennium Development Goals, which included a specific goal to reverse the spread of HIV, malaria, and TB.

GREATER ACCESS TO HIV MEDICATION

UNAIDS negotiates with 5 pharmaceutical companies to reduce the cost of HIV medication for developing countries.

2003

SUPPORT FOR COUNTRIES WITH HIGH INFECTION RATES

The US creates the United States President�s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), to provide $15 billion over five years to countries with high infection rates.

The World Health Organization announces the �3 by 5� initiative to bring HIV treatment to 3 million people by 2005.

2005

POINT-OF-CARE TESTING

Health Canada approves a rapid HIV antibody test for sale to health professionals in Canada, which enables point-of-care (POC) testing that can provide an accurate HIV antibody test result in two minutes.

Photo Credit: Tijana Martin/Canadian Press.

2010

HIV PROGRESSION

CANFAR-funded researcher, Dr. Kelly McDonald unveils a new HIV vaccine candidate that can reduce, and in some cases prevent, HIV progression.

2011

THE BERLIN PATIENT

Confirmation is published that Timothy Ray Brown is cured of HIV, four years after completing treatment.

Photo Credit: Timothy Ray Brown (left) with the German hematologist who did the transplant that cured him. Photo by Robert Hood / Fred Hutch News Services.

GREATER ACCESS TO HIV MEDICATION

UNAIDS negotiates with 5 pharmaceutical companies to reduce the cost of HIV medication for developing countries.

2012

PREP

The FDA approves HIV preventative drug pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)for individuals at high-risk for HIV infection.

LEGAL DUTY TO DISCLOSE

Despite growing scientific evidence that HIV treatment dramatically reduces the risk of transmission when the viral load is undetectable, the Supreme Court of Canada rules that an HIV-positive person has a legal duty to disclose his or her HIV status to a sexual partner before having any sex that poses a �realistic possibility� of HIV transmission.

2014

90-90-90 TARGETS

UNAIDS launched the 90-90-90 targets, which aim for 90% of people living with HIV to be diagnosed, 90% of those diagnosed to be accessing medical treatment, and 90% of those accessing treatment to achieve viral suppression by 2020. UNAIDS established �Fast Track� targets to dramatically scale-up HIV prevention and treatment programs to avert 28 million new infections and end the epidemic as a public health issue by 2030.

2015

90-90-90 ENDORSEMENT

Canadian Federal Health Minister, Jane Philpott, endorsed the UNAIDS 90 90 90 targets for Canada.

2017

TRUVADA APPROVED IN CANADA

The generic version of PrEP, Truvada (tenofovir + FTC) is approved in Canada. Ontario becomes the second province (after Quebec) to add tenofovir + FTC as PrEP to its formulary.

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HISTORY OF HIV/AIDS

1981

THE DISCOVERY

1982

THE FIRST CASE OF AIDS

1983

WOMEN CAN BECOME INFECTED

1985

THE FIRST CONFERENCES ON AIDS

1986

FROM MOTHER TO CHILD

1987

ANTI-RETROVIRAL DRUG, AZT APPROVED

1988

WORLD AIDS DAY

1990

PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV

1991

SYMBOL OF AIDS AWARENESS

1996

DR. MARK WAINBERG CONTRIBUTES TO DEVELOPMENT OF 3TC

1999

TROUBLING STATISTICS

2000

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

GREATER ACCESS TO HIV MEDICATION

2003

SUPPORT FOR COUNTRIES WITH HIGH INFECTION RATES

2005

POINT-OF-CARE TESTING

2010

HIV PROGRESSION

2011

THE BERLIN PATIENT

GREATER ACCESS TO HIV MEDICATION

2012

PREP

LEGAL DUTY TO DISCLOSE

2014

90-90-90 TARGETS

2015

90-90-90 ENDORSEMENT

2017

TRUVADA APPROVED IN CANADA

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