Sjögren's Syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the glands that produce moisture, primarily affecting the salivary glands (mouth) and lacrimal glands (eyes). It may occur on its own (primary) or alongside other autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus (secondary).
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Causes
The exact cause is unknown, but the following factors may contribute:
1. Autoimmune Dysfunction: The immune system attacks the body's moisture-producing glands.
2. Genetic Predisposition: Family history of autoimmune diseases increases the risk.
3. Environmental Triggers:
Viral infections (e.g., Epstein-Barr virus or Hepatitis C) may play a role in triggering the immune response.
4. Hormonal Influence: Women, especially postmenopausal, are more affected, suggesting a hormonal link.
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Signs and Symptoms
Primary Symptoms
1. Dry Eyes:
Burning, itching, or the sensation of sand in the eyes.
Sensitivity to light.
2. Dry Mouth:
Difficulty speaking, swallowing, or tasting.
Increased risk of dental cavities and oral infections.
Other Symptoms
Swelling of Salivary Glands: Often under the jaw or in front of the ears.
Dry Skin: May include itching and rashes.
Joint Pain or Stiffness: Common in secondary Sjögren’s.
Fatigue: Persistent and often severe.
Difficulty Swallowing: Due to lack of saliva.
Vaginal Dryness: Leading to discomfort during intercourse.
Dry Nose or Throat: Can cause persistent cough or hoarseness.
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Effects
1. Oral Health Issues:
Increased risk of cavities, gum disease, and oral infections due to reduced saliva.
2. Eye Complications:
Dryness can lead to eye infections or damage to the cornea (keratitis).
3. Swollen Glands:
Chronic swelling of salivary glands may cause discomfort.
4. Systemic Involvement:
In some cases, Sjögren's affects other organs, leading to complications like:
Lung issues (dryness and scarring).
Kidney problems.
Nerve damage (peripheral neuropathy).
Vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels).
5. Emotional Effects:
Chronic discomfort, fatigue, and systemic symptoms can lead to anxiety or depression.
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When to See a Doctor
Seek medical advice if you experience persistent dry eyes, dry mouth, or other unexplained symptoms, especially if they interfere with daily activities. Early diagnosis and treatment can reduce complications and improve quality of life.
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