Testicular cancer occurs when abnormal cells in one or both testicles grow uncontrollably. It is relatively rare but most common in males aged 15–35 years.
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Causes
The exact cause of testicular cancer is not fully understood, but several risk factors have been identified:
1. Undescended Testicle (Cryptorchidism):
Males with a testicle that did not descend into the scrotum at birth have a higher risk.
2. Family History:
A history of testicular cancer in close relatives increases the likelihood.
3. Previous Testicular Cancer:
If a person has had cancer in one testicle, they are at higher risk of developing it in the other.
4. Genetic Conditions:
Disorders like Klinefelter syndrome may increase risk.
5. Other Factors:
HIV infection, exposure to certain chemicals, or abnormal testicular development.
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Signs and Symptoms
1. Painless Lump or Swelling:
The most common symptom; a lump in one testicle that may feel firm.
2. Heaviness in the Scrotum:
A sensation of fullness or weight in the scrotum.
3. Change in Testicle Size or Texture:
Enlargement, shrinking, or noticeable changes in one testicle.
4. Pain or Discomfort:
A dull ache in the abdomen, groin, or testicle.
5. Breast Changes:
Rarely, hormonal changes may cause breast tenderness or growth (gynecomastia).
6. Advanced Symptoms:
Back pain, shortness of breath, or swelling in the legs may indicate that the cancer has spread.
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Effects
1. Infertility:
Cancer or its treatment (e.g., surgery, chemotherapy) may impair sperm production.
2. Emotional and Psychological Impact:
Fear, anxiety, or depression may result from diagnosis and treatment.
3. Metastasis:
If untreated, testicular cancer can spread to lymph nodes, lungs, liver, or brain.
4. Loss of a Testicle:
Surgical removal may be necessary but typically does not affect overall hormone production or sexual function.
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Solutions
1. Diagnosis:
Physical Exam: Identifying lumps or abnormalities.
Ultrasound: Imaging to confirm the presence and nature of a testicular mass.
Blood Tests: Checking tumor markers like AFP, HCG, and LDH.
2. Treatment Options:
Surgery (Orchiectomy): Removal of the affected testicle is the primary treatment.
Radiation Therapy: Used in some cases, especially for seminoma (a type of testicular cancer).
Chemotherapy: Recommended for advanced or non-seminoma cases to kill cancer cells throughout the body.
Surveillance: Regular monitoring after treatment to check for recurrence.
3. Fertility Preservation:
Sperm banking is often advised before treatment to preserve the ability to have children.
4. Supportive Care:
Counseling or support groups to help cope with the emotional impact of cancer.
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Prevention and Early Detection
1. Testicular Self-Exams:
Monthly self-checks can help detect changes early.
2. Regular Medical Check-Ups:
Especially for those with risk factors like cryptorchidism or a family history.
Testicular cancer is highly treatable, especially when detected early. If you notice any changes in your testicles, seek medical attention promptly.
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