Cryptorchidism, also known as an undescended testicle, occurs when one or both testicles fail to move into the scrotum before birth. It is the most common genital abnormality in newborn boys.
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Causes
1. Hormonal Factors:
Insufficient production of hormones like testosterone or hormonal imbalances during fetal development may prevent testicular descent.
2. Genetic Factors:
Mutations in genes related to testicular development or descent.
3. Premature Birth:
Testicles descend later in fetal development, so premature babies are at higher risk.
4. Maternal Health Issues:
Conditions like diabetes or obesity in the mother can increase risk.
5. Other Factors:
Low birth weight, multiple pregnancies (e.g., twins), or exposure to environmental toxins during pregnancy.
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Signs and Symptoms
1. Missing Testicle(s):
One or both testicles are not palpable or visible in the scrotum.
2. Asymmetrical Scrotum:
The scrotum may appear underdeveloped or uneven.
3. Retractile Testicle:
In some cases, the testicle may occasionally descend into the scrotum but retracts back into the groin.
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Effects
1. Infertility:
An undescended testicle is often exposed to higher body temperatures, which can impair sperm production if not corrected early.
2. Increased Cancer Risk:
Higher risk of testicular cancer later in life, even after surgical correction.
3. Hernia Formation:
An associated inguinal hernia may occur due to incomplete closure of the inguinal canal.
4. Testicular Torsion:
Undescended testicles are more prone to twisting, cutting off blood supply.
5. Psychological Impact:
Cosmetic concerns and social stigma may affect self-esteem in older children or adults.
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Solutions
1. Observation:
In newborns, the testicle may descend naturally within the first 6 months.
2. Hormonal Therapy:
hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) or GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone) may stimulate testicular descent in some cases.
3. Surgical Intervention:
Orchiopexy: The standard treatment where the testicle is repositioned into the scrotum. It is typically performed before 1 year of age to reduce complications.
4. Monitoring:
Regular follow-ups to ensure testicular function and detect any abnormalities, including cancer.
5. Education and Counseling:
Support for parents and older patients regarding fertility and cancer risks.
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Prevention and Early Detection
Prenatal Care: Proper maternal nutrition and avoiding harmful substances during pregnancy can reduce risks.
Regular Pediatric Check-Ups: Early detection and timely treatment improve outcomes.
If you suspect cryptorchidism in your child, consult a pediatrician promptly for evaluation and treatment. Early correction minimizes long-term complications.
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