Mumps orchitis is a condition where the testicles become inflamed due to a viral infection by the mumps virus. It is a common complication in post-pubertal males who contract mumps and typically occurs 4–10 days after the onset of parotitis (swelling of the salivary glands).
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Causes
1. Mumps Virus:
The primary cause is infection by the mumps virus, a member of the Paramyxoviridae family.
2. Spread of Infection:
The virus travels through the bloodstream to the testicles following systemic mumps infection.
3. Risk Factors:
Lack of vaccination against mumps.
Exposure to individuals infected with mumps.
Crowded or poorly immunized communities.
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Signs and Symptoms
1. Testicular Pain and Swelling:
Sudden onset of one-sided or both-sided testicular enlargement.
2. Redness and Warmth:
Over the scrotal area.
3. Fever and Fatigue:
General systemic symptoms.
4. Nausea and Vomiting:
Accompanying severe pain.
5. Reduced Parotitis Symptoms:
Usually follows the reduction of swollen salivary glands.
6. Tenderness in the Testicles:
Pain upon touch or movement.
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Effects
1. Testicular Atrophy:
Shrinkage of the testicles due to tissue damage.
2. Infertility:
Reduced sperm production, especially if both testicles are affected.
3. Chronic Pain:
Lingering testicular pain after the acute phase.
4. Hormonal Imbalance:
Rarely, decreased testosterone production.
5. Psychological Impact:
Anxiety or distress related to potential infertility or chronic discomfort.
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Solutions
1. Diagnosis:
Medical History and Examination:
Based on recent mumps infection or contact with infected individuals.
Ultrasound:
To confirm testicular inflammation and rule out other causes like torsion or epididymitis.
Blood Tests:
Elevated white blood cell count and confirmation of mumps antibodies.
2. Treatment:
Supportive Care:
Rest and Scrotal Support: Use a scrotal support garment or folded towel.
Pain Management: Over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen.
Cold Compress:
Apply to reduce swelling and relieve pain.
Antiviral Therapy:
No specific antiviral treatment for mumps; supportive care is the mainstay.
3. Prevention:
Vaccination:
The MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, and rubella) is the most effective way to prevent mumps and its complications.
Isolation of Infected Individuals:
Reduce the spread by avoiding close contact with infected persons.
Public Health Awareness:
Educate communities about the importance of vaccination and early recognition of mumps symptoms.
4. Long-Term Management:
Regular follow-ups if testicular atrophy or fertility concerns arise.
Hormone therapy in cases of reduced testosterone production.
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Prognosis
With timely care, the inflammation and pain of mumps orchitis typically subside within 1–2 weeks. However, severe cases involving both testicles may result in long-term complications like infertility or atrophy. Vaccination remains the best strategy to prevent this condition.
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