THE LUCIFER EFFECT: ARE NIGERIA’S BANDITS CRIMINALS OR GRIEVANCE-DRIVEN ACTORS?

January 29, 2026
2 weeks ago
Researcher and Writer
             The bandits of Nigeria have, in recent years, grown remarkably modern, specialized, and professional in their operations. In 2025, Daniel Oluwole of the Nigeria Daily reported that many communities in the northern region of Nigeria have resorted to the extreme measure of signing peace treaties with bandits, hoping to restore some semblance of security for their people. But as usual, there is no honor among thieves. Filmmaker Jim Jarmusch echoed a similar sentiment, perhaps in their favour, but in a broader context when he wrote, “Nothing is original, steal from anywhere that resonates.”
 But does this idea apply to Nigeria’s infamous bandits? What deep psychological drivers drive banditry in the country? And what early experiences shaped figures like Dogo Giɗe and Bello Turji and their likes, allowing them to embrace a life of crime so openly today?
       To understand these questions, we can turn to historical accounts and scholarly research, which shed light on the origins and evolution of banditry in Nigeria and globally. It will be appreciated when you kindly “Like” my piece of writing and drop encouraging comments to help me grow! Resources used herein are from the Apple Books Store. Follow the links at the end to read more.

                          In 2007, Philip Zimbardo, published a masterpiece. In this read “the Lucifer Effect,” he exposed his well-researched theory using the the Stanford Prison Experiment, that good people can become bad and even turn to evil deeds such as a criminal lifestyle because of the situational and systemic factors existing in their environment. In his writings, author Zimbardo, insists that bad situations can turn good people to bad. The book advocates for the strengthening of the government and security systems to prevent ordinary people from being "pushed" into banditry.


Authors Wayne Petherick and Grant Sinnamon, in the book “The Psychology of Criminal and Antisocial Behaviours” described Biopsychosocial perspective, Personality disorders and Developmental influences as some of the factors that influence criminality. From the point of view of this book, banditry in Nigeria can be tracked to individual psychology in context with social and environmental influences. The book stresses on educating, training, counselling, and training youth on how to respond to local bandit recruitment, by targeting individual risk factors.


                  John Douglas & Mark Olshaker in his 1999 publication, emphasized the points that motive analysis is crucial to understand, investigate, and anticipate criminal behaviour; actions alone, he highlighted, do not explain why someone chooses crime. The book counsels on engaging in intelligence-led policing, disrupting ransom economies and addressing underlying incentives (e.g., poverty, land disputes) that drive banditry.

                Authors John Sunday Ojo, Folahanmi Aina and Samuel Oyewole, in the book “Armed Banditry in Nigeria: Evolution, Dynamics, and Trajectories’’ drives the truth home. The authors are of the opinion that armed banditry, one of the major security threats in Nigeria, can be traced to the historical legacy of rural violence and mobility of armed groups in ungoverned spaces, Collapse of effective governance, Sporadic herder–farmer conflicts and Proliferation of small arms. While the book points at the northwest of Nigeria, it explodes with the origins, social and economic drivers, structure, and impact of banditry in Nigeria that no other contemporary indigenous book has featured. Grab an e-copies now! Links below!


 Get these Books from the Apple Store, Follow Link Now!

Philip Zimbardo (2011). The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil. Link: https://apple.co/4qh6YQw

Wayne Petherick and Grant Sinnamon (2016). The Psychology of Criminal and Antisocial Behaviours. Link: https://apple.co/4q8D3dc

John Douglas and Mark Olshaker (2017). The Anatomy of Motive: The FBI’s Legendary Mindhunter Explores the Key to Understanding and Catching Violent. Link: https://apple.co/49Nf0LV

John Sunday Ojo, Folahanmi Aina & Samuel Oyewole (2024).

 Link: https://apple.co/4a4fQTe


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