A year ago
There are many benefits to reading more books, but perhaps my favorite is this: A good book can give you a new way to interpret your past experiences.
Whenever you learn a new mental model or idea, itâs like the âsoftwareâ in your brain gets updated. Suddenly, you can run all of your old data points through a new program. You can learn new lessons from old moments. As Patrick OâShaughnessy says, âReading changes the past.â
Of course, this is only true if you internalize and remember insights from the books you read. Knowledge will only compound if it is retained. In other words, what matters is not simply reading more books, but getting more out of each book you read.
Gaining knowledge is not the only reason to read, of course. Reading for pleasure or entertainment can be a wonderful use of time, but this article is about reading to learn. With that in mind, Iâd like to share some of the best reading comprehension strategies Iâve found.
It doesnât take long to figure out if something is worth reading. Skilled writing and high-quality ideas stick out.
As a result, most people should probably start more books than they do. This doesnât mean you need to read each book page-by-page. You can skim the table of contents, chapter titles, and subheadings. Pick an interesting section and dive in for a few pages. Maybe flip through the book and glance at any bolded points or tables. In ten minutes, youâll have a reasonable idea of how good it is.
Then comes the crucial step: Quit books quickly and without guilt or shame.
Life is too short to waste it on average books. The opportunity cost is too high. There are so many amazing things to read. I think Patrick Collison, the founder of Stripe, put it nicely when he said, âLife is too short to not read the very best book you know of right now.â
Hereâs my recommendation:
Start more books. Quit most of them. Read the great ones twice.
One way to improve reading comprehension is to choose books you can immediately apply. Putting the ideas you read into action is one of the best ways to secure them in your mind. Practice is a very effective form of learning.
Choosing a book that you can use also provides a strong incentive to pay attention and remember the material. Thatâs particularly true when something important hangs in the balance. If youâre starting a business, for example, then you have a lot of motivation to get everything you can out of the sales book youâre reading. Similarly, someone who works in biology might read The Origin of Species more carefully than a random reader because it connects directly to their daily work.
Of course, not every book is a practical, how-to guide that you can apply immediately, and thatâs fine. You can find wisdom in many different books. But I do find that Iâm more likely to remember books that are relevant to my daily life.
Keep notes on what you read. You can do this however you like. It doesnât need to be a big production or a complicated system. Just do something to emphasize the important points and passages.
I do this in different ways depending on the format Iâm consuming. I highlight passages when reading on Kindle. I type out interesting quotes as I listen to audiobooks. I dog-ear pages and transcribe notes when reading a print book.
But hereâs the real key: store your notes in a searchable format.
There is no need to leave the task of reading comprehension solely up to your memory. I keep my notes in Evernote. I prefer Evernote over other options because 1) it is instantly searchable, 2) it is easy to use across multiple devices, and 3) you can create and save notes even when youâre not connected to the internet.
I get my notes into Evernote in three ways:
I. Audiobook: I create a new Evernote file for each book and then type my notes directly into that file as I listen.
II. Ebook: I highlight passages on my Kindle Paperwhite and use a program called Clippings to export all of my Kindle highlights directly into Evernote. Then, I add a summary of the book and any additional thoughts before posting it to my book summaries page.
III. Print: Similar to my audiobook strategy, I type my notes as I read. If I come across a longer passage I want to transcribe, I place the book on a book stand as I type. (Typing notes while reading a print book can be annoying because you are always putting the book down and picking it back up, but this is the best solution Iâve found.)
Of course, your notes donât have to be digital to be âsearchable.â For example, you can use Post-It Notes to tag certain pages for future reference. As another option, Ryan Holiday suggests storing each note on an index card and categorizing them by the topic or book.
The core idea is the same: Keeping searchable notes is essential for returning to ideas easily. An idea is only useful if you can find it when you need it.4. Combine Knowledge Trees
One way to imagine a book is like a knowledge tree with a few fundamental concepts forming the trunk and the details forming the branches. You can learn more and improve reading comprehension by âlinking branchesâ and integrating your current book with other knowledge trees.
For example:
While reading The Tell-Tale Brain by neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran, I discovered that one of his key points connected to a previous idea I learned from social work researcher Brené Brown.
In my notes for The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck, I noted how Mark Mansonâs idea of âkilling yourselfâ overlaps with Paul Grahamâs essay on keeping your identity small.
As I read Mastery by George Leonard, I realized that while this book was about the process of improvement, it also shed some light on the connection between genetics and performance.
I added each insight to my notes for that particular book.
Connections like these help you remember what you read by âhookingâ new information onto concepts and ideas you already understand. As Charlie Munger says, âIf you get into the mental habit of relating what youâre reading to the basic structure of the underlying ideas being demonstrated, you gradually accumulate some wisdom.â
When you read something that reminds you of another topic or immediately sparks a connection or idea, donât allow that thought to come and go without notice. Write about what youâve learned and how it connects to other ideas.5. Write a Short Summary
As soon as I finish a book, I challenge myself to summarize the entire text in just three sentences. This constraint is just a game, of course, but it forces me to consider what was really important about the book.
Some questions I consider when summarizing a book include:
What are the main ideas?
If I implemented one idea from this book right now, which one would it be?
How would I describe the book to a friend?
In many cases, I find that I can usually get just as much useful information from reading my one-paragraph summary and reviewing my notes as I would if I read the entire book again.
If you feel like you canât squeeze the whole book into three sentences, consider using the Feynman Technique.
The Feynman Technique is a note-taking strategy named after the Nobel Prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman. Itâs pretty simple: Write the name of the book at the top of a blank sheet of paper, then write down how youâd explain the book to someone who had never heard of it.
If you find yourself stuck or if you see that there are holes in your understanding, review your notes or go back to the text and try again. Keep writing it out until you have a good handle on the main ideas and feel confident in your explanation.
Iâve found that almost nothing reveals gaps in my thinking better than writing about an idea as if I am explaining it to a beginner. Ben Carlson, a financial analyst, says something similar, âI find the best way to figure out what Iâve learned from a book is to write something about it.â6. Surround the Topic
I often think of the quote by Thomas Aquinas, âBeware the man of a single book.â
If you only read one book on a topic and use that as the basis for your beliefs for an entire category of life, well, how sound are those beliefs? How accurate and complete is your knowledge?
Reading a book takes effort, but too often, people use one book or one article as the basis for an entire belief system. This is even more true (and more difficult to overcome) when it comes to using our one, individual experience as the basis for our beliefs. As Morgan Housel noted, âYour personal experiences make up maybe 0.00000001% of whatâs happened in the world but maybe 80% of how you think the world works. Weâre all biased to our own personal history.â
One way to attack this problem is to read a variety of books on the same topic. Dig in from different angles, look at the same problem through the eyes of various authors, and try to transcend the boundary of your own experience.
7. Read It Twice
Iâd like to finish by returning to an idea I mentioned near the beginning of this article: read the great books twice. The philosopher Karl Popper explained the benefits nicely, âAnything worth reading is not only worth reading twice, but worth reading again and again. If a book is worthwhile, then you will always be able to make new discoveries in it and find things in it that you didnât notice before, even though you have read it many times.â
Additionally, revisiting great books is helpful because the problems you deal with change over time. Sure, when you read a book twice maybe youâll catch some stuff you missed the first time around, but itâs more likely that new passages and ideas will be relevant to you. Itâs only natural for different sentences to leap out at you depending on the point you are at in life.
You read the same book, but you never read it the same way. As Charles Chu noted, âI always return home to the same few authors. And, no matter how many times I return, I always find they have something new to say.â
Of course, even if you didnât get something new out of each reading, it would still be worthwhile to revisit great books because ideas need to be repeated to be remembered. The writer David Cain says, âWhen we only learn something once, we donât really learn itâat least not well enough for it to change us much. It may inspire momentarily, but then becomes quickly overrun by the decades of habits and conditioning that preceded it.â Returning to great ideas cements them in your mind.
Nassim Taleb sums things up with a rule for all readers: âA good book gets better at the second reading. A great book at the third. Any book not worthrereading isnât worth reading.â
Where to Go From He
Knowledge compounds over time
In Chapter 1 of Atomic Habits, I wrote: âLearning one new idea wonât make you a genius, but a commitment to lifelong learning can be transformative
One book will rarely change your life, even if it does deliver a lightbulb moment of insight. The key is to get a little wiser each da
Now that you know how to get more out of each book you read, you might be looking for some reading recommendations. Feel free to check out my book summaries or my public reading list.y..â.re.